Thailand. (Siam Steam Navigation Company - Trengganu). Circa 1910. Malaya (Trengganu) SG 3, 3c carmine-red cancelled by double oval 'S.S. "Asdang" in violet.

The "S.S. "Asdang" (640 tones) was built for the 'Siam Steam Navigation Company'. The Company was formed as the 'Danish East Asiatic Company' in 1897. The Company had a steamer calling port to port from Bangkok down the Malaya Peninsular with passengers, goods and had a contract to carry the mail. More vessels were added until the 'Siam Steam Navigation Co.' was founded in 1909. The steamers would carry mail from port to port in the ships mail bag. Loose letters were cancelled by the Purser's fancy rubber hand-stamp and mail cancelled on board ship is very rare indeed.

The use of a Malaya Trengganu stamp cancelled by the 'S.S. "Asdang" is most unusual. John Garner had no examples in his collection or mentioned this in his article for the P.A.T. Journal on the Siam Steam Navigation Company.

The 'S.S. "Asdang" was wrecked on the Kemaman Bar on 23rd October 1936.

Thailand. (Siam Steam Navigation Company - Trengganu). Circa 1910. Malaya (Trengganu) SG 4, 4c orange cancelled by double oval 'S.S. "Asdang" in violet.

The "S.S. "Asdang" (640 tones) was built in 1906 for the 'Siam Steam Navigation Company'. The Company was formed as the 'Danish East Asiatic Company' in 1897. The Company had a steamer calling port to port from Bangkok down the Malaya Peninsular with passengers, goods and had a contract to carry the mail. More vessels were added until the 'Siam Steam Navigation Co.' was founded in 1909. The steamers would carry mail from port to port in the ships mail bag. Loose letters were cancelled by the Purser's fancy rubber hand-stamp and mail cancelled on board ship is very rate indeed.

The use of a Malaya Trengganu stamp cancelled by the 'S.S. "Asdang" is most unusual. John Garner had no examples in his collection or mentioned this in his article for the P.A.T. Journal on the Siam Steam Navigation Company.

The 'S.S. "Asdang" was wrecked on the Kemaman Bar on 23rd October 1936.

Thailand. (Siam Steam Navigation Company - Malaya). Circa 1922. Malaya, Straits Settlements SG 222, 4c carmine cancelled by 'S.S. "Suddhadib" hand-stamp in violet.

The 'S.S. "Suddhadib" (1311 tones) was built in 1918 for the 'Siam Steam Navigation Company' The Company was formed as the 'Danish East Asiatic Company' in 1897. The Company had a steamer calling port to port from Bangkok down the Malaya Peninsular with passengers, goods and had a contract to carry the mail. More vessels were added until the Siam Steam Navigation Co.' was founded in 1909. The steamers would carry mail from port to port in the ships mail bag. Loose letters were cancelled by the Purser's fancy rubber hand-stamp and mail cancelled on board ship is very rare indeed.

The use of a Straits Settlements stamp cancelled by the 'S.S. "Suddhadib" is most unusual, John Garner had no examples in his collection or mentioned this in his article in the P.A.T. Journal on the Siam Steam Navigation Company.

The 'S.S. :Suddhadib" sunk during World War Two.

Thailand. (Siam Steam Navigation Company - Postmarks). Circa 1940. Siam SG 282, 5s dull purple (pair) cancelled by oval 'M/S "Bhanurangsi" in violet, struck twice.

The 'M/S "Bhanurangsi" (686 tones) was built in 1927 for the 'Siam Steam Navigation Company'. The Company was formed as the 'Danish East Asiatic Company' in 1897. The Company had a steamer calling port to port from Bangkok down the Malay Peninsular with passengers, goods and had a contract to carry the mail. More vessels were added until the 'Siam Steam Navigation Co.' was founded in 1909. The steamers would carry mail from port to port in the ships mail bag. Loose letters were cancelled by the Purser's fancy rubber hand-stamp and mail cancelled on board ship is very rare indeed.

A rare Siam steamship postmark, little information is known on the 'M/S "Bhanurangsi".

Thailand. (Siam Steam Navigation Company - Postmarks). Circa 1920. Siam SG 214, 5s carmine-pink cancelled by 'S.S. "BANKA" hand-stamp in violet, struck twice.

The 'S.S. "Banka" was built in 1919 for the 'Siam Steam Navigation Company'. The Company was formed as the 'Danish East Asiatic Company' in 1897. The Company had a steamer calling port to port from Bangkok down the Malay Peninsular with passengers. goods and had a contract to carry the mail. More vessels were added until the 'Siam Steam Navigation Co.' was founded in 1909. The steamers would carry mail from port to port in the ships mail bag. Loose letters were cancelled by the purser's fancy rubber hand-stamp and mail cancelled on board ship is very rare indeed.

A very rare Siam steamship cancel. The 'S.S. "Banka" was built in 1919 and sunk in 1940. Little information is known.

Not listed by John Garner in his article on the Siam Steam Navigation Company 1909 - 1940 in P.A.T. Journal March 2010.

Thailand. (Siam Steam Navigation Company - Postmarks). 1941. Siam SG 288, 10s carmine cancelled by 'S.S. "Suddhadib" hand-stamp in violet with double ring 'Field Post Office/ S.P. 501' dated '17 Nov 1941'

The 'S.S. "Suddhadib" (1311 tones) was built in 1918 for the 'Siam Steam Navigation Company' . The Company was formed as the 'Danish East Asiatic Company' in 1897. The Company had a steamer calling port to port from Bangkok down the Malaya Peninsular with passengers, goods and had a contract to carry the mail. More vessels were added until the 'Siam Steam Navigation Co.' was founded in 1909. The steamers would carry mail from port to port in the ships mail bag. Loose letters were cancelled by the Purser's fancy rubber hand-stamp and mail cancelled on board ship is very rare indeed.

A very rare steamship cancel and unique with the Field Post Office 501 date stamp applied in Singapore.

The 'S.S. "Suddhadib" sunk during World War Two.

Thailand. (Siam Steam Navigation Company - Postmarks). Circa 1910. Siam SG 136, 14s on 9a blue cancelled by double oval 'S.S. "Asdang" in violet.

The 'S.S. "Asdang" (640 tones) was built in 1906 for the 'Siam Steam Navigation Company'. The Company was formed as the 'Danish East Asiatic Company' in 1897. The Company had a steamer calling port to port from Bangkok down the Malay Peninsular with passengers, goods and had a contract to carry mail. More vessels were added until the 'Siam Steam Navigation Co.' was founded in 1909. The steamers would carry mail from port to port in the ships mail bag. Loose letters were cancelled by the Purser's fancy rubber hand-stamp and mail cancelled on board ship is very rare indeed.

The 'S.S. "Asdang" was wrecked on the Kemaman Bar on 23rd October 1936.

Thailand. (Siam Steam Navigation Company - Postmarks). Circa 1910. Siam SG 143, 6s carmine cancelled by double oval 'S.S. "Asdang" in violet.

The 'S.S. "Asdang" (640 tones) was built in 1906 for the 'Siam Steam Navigation Company'. The Company was formed as the 'Danish East Asiatic Company' in 1897. The Company had a steamer calling port to port from Bangkok down the Malay Peninsular with passengers, goods and had a contract to carry the mail. More vessels were added until the 'Siam Steam Navigation Co.' was founded in 1909. The steamers would carry mail from port to port in the ships mail bag. Loose letters were cancelled by the Purser's fancy rubber hand-stamp and mail cancelled on board ship is very rare indeed.

The 'S.S. "Asdang" was wrecked on the Kemaman Bar on 23rd October 1936.

Thailand. (Siam Steam Navigation Company - Postmarks). Circa 1915. Siam SG 160, 5s on 6s rose-carmine )pair) cancelled by oval 'S.S. "Yugala" in violet.

The 'S.S. "YUGALA" (753 tones) was built in 1907 for the 'Siam Steam Navigation. The Company was formed as the 'Danish East Asiatic Company' in 1897. The Company had a steamer calling port to port down the Malay Peninsular with passengers, goods and had a contract to carry the mail. More vessels were added until the 'Siam Steam Navigation Co' was founded in 1909. The steamers would carry mail from port to port in the ships mail bag. Loose letters were cancelled by the Purser's fancy rubber hand-stamp and mail cancelled on board is very rare indeed.

The 'S.S. "Yugala" was destroyed in a serious fire on board 9th May 1923.

Thailand. (Siam Steam Navigation Company - Postmarks). Circa 1930. SG 233, 10s orange and black cancelled by 'S/S. "NARIS" hand-stamp in violet.

The 'S.S.' "NARIS" (799 tones) was built in 1929 for the 'Siam Steam Navigation Company'. The Company was formed as the 'Danish East Asiatic Company' in 1897. The Company had a steamer calling port to port from Bangkok down the Malay Peninsular with passengers, goods and had a contract to carry the mail. More vessels were added until the 'Siam Steam Navigation Co,' was founded in 1909. The steamers would carry mail from port to port in the ships mail bag. Loose letters were cancelled by the Purser's fancy rubber hand-stamp and mail cancelled on board ship is very rare indeed.

The 'S.S. "NARIS" hand-stamp on Siam stamps is very rare, little information in known on the steamer.

Thailand. (Netherlands East Indies). 1926. Siam postal stationery card 3 satang green upgraded with SG 211, 2s chocolate/ yellow and SG 216, 5s deep violet tied by bilingual HAT-YAI date stamp '12th Aug 26', addressed to Banka, Netherlands East Indies, endorsed 'via Singapore' with Soengeiliat arrival '19th Aout 26' on face.

Very nice item of destination mail into Sungailiat a town on Bangka-Belitung Islands.

Thailand. (Denmark) 1929. Envelope headed 'Banhoalong Ice Factory' addressed to Denmark bearing SG 218, 15s blue tied by Bangkok/ 149 date stamp.

Thailand. (Denmark). 1925. Registered RED BAND envelope addressed to Denmark bearing SG 211, 2s chocolate/ yellow, SG 213, 3s red-brown, SG 221, 25s blue (reverse), SG 239, 5s green and SG 241, 15s carmine tied by Bangkok/ 2 date stamp with matching Bangkok/2 registration label and Copenhagen arrival on reverse.

A very attractive Chinese Red Band cover from Thailand.

Thailand. (Denmark). 1921. Envelope addressed to Denmark bearing SG 214, 5s carmine and SG 217, 10s yellow-brown and black (pair) tied by Bandon date stamp, endorsed 'via Penang' with Thung Song and Penang transits '25th Aug 21' and Copenhagen arrival on reverse '28/9'.

Thaialnd. (China). 1935. Envelope addressed to Shanghai, China bearing SG 141, 15s carmine tied by South Express date stamp with Shanghai slogan arrival on reverse.

United States. (Netherlands - Transatlantic Mails). 1861. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Zierikree, Zeeland, Netherlands' cancelled by 'New York/ Jan 12' date stamp, endorsed '$1. 05' in manuscript and manuscript '4/ 45', routed via France with 'Et Unis Serv. Am. A.C. F' entry cachet dated '26th Jan', Paris transit and Zierikree arrival '28/1' on reverse and manuscript '340' Dutch cents due rating.

A very high rate cover paying United States postage of $1. 05'.

Ex R. Tocila and Paul Bulterman collections.

United States. (Netherlands - Transatlantic Mails). 1853. Folded letter written from New Orleans dated '29th April' addressed to Amsterdam, Holland endorsed 'per "Canada" with manuscript '25' in pencil (U.S. inland postage) and rated '40/3' (accountancy) and '60/ grms', with hand-struck 'PAID' in red, forwarded from Boston with oval 'FORWdBy/ S.G. WARD/ BOSTON' in red and circular 'Boston/ Br/ Pkt' dated 'May 11' on reverse, routed via London '23/5' with manuscript '4/8' erased and corrected with manuscript '5/4' (U.K. debt to Holland), small oval hand-struck Belgian entry cachet 'Engeland/ over Ostende' on reverse in red (Van der Linden 1024) and Amsterdam arrival '25/5' and manuscript '410' Dutch cents due rating.

Quadruple rate cover sent on the Cunard Line "Canada" from Boston via Halifax and Liverpool.

The forward agent 'S.G. Ward/ Boston' is not listed by Kenneth Rowe in his book on Forwarding Agents.

United States. (Netherlands - Transatlantic Mails). 1843. Folded letter addressed to Amsterdam dated 'Baltimore 4th Dec 1848', endorsed 'per "Cumbria" / from New York' (erased), routed via London with transit '22/12' on reverse and forwarded with oval 'Forwarded By/ George Peabody/ London 22 Dec 48' on reverse and Dutch entry cachet 'Engeland/ over Rotterdam' in red on reverse (Van der Linden 1025), Amsterdam arrival '15/12' on reverse and manuscript '60' Dutch cents due rating.

The "Canbria" was a Cunard Line steamer sailing from New York via Halifax to Liverpool.

United States. (Transatlantic Mail - Forwarding Agents). 1836. Folded letter written from New York '7th May 1836' addressed to Amsterdam, Holland endorsed 'per "Albertie", forwarded from New York with circular 'Forwarded By/ Saltus & Co/ N. York' in red on reverse, oval Dutch seapost 'ZEE-BRIEF/ Den Helder' in red (Van der Linden 3012) dated '20 Jun' and part Amsterdam arrival with manuscript '90' Dutch cents due rating.

The forwarding agent 'Saltus & Co, New York' is not listed by Kenneth Rowe in his book on world Forwarding agents published in 1974.

United States. (Netherlands - Transatlantic Mail). 1848. Folded letter addressed to Amsterdam cancelled by Baltimore date stamp 'Feb 18 48' in blue with hand-struck 'PAID' and framed oval '5' in blue, endorsed 'Per steamer "Hermann" from New York February 20th', New York transit 'Feb 19' with London arrival '7th Mar' and manuscript '1/8' (U.K. debt to Holland) with hand-struck entry cachet 'Engeland/ over Rotterdam' on reverse in red (Van der Linden 1028) and Amsterdam arrival '9/3' and manuscript '120' Dutch cents due rating.

Carried by the 'S.S. "Hermann" of the 'Ocean Steam Navigation Company' sailing fom New York to Bremen via Southampton.

Persia. (Iraq - Trans-Clipper Rate). 1944. Air Mail envelope addressed to New York bearing Persia 'Air Mail Yvert 66, 2t green and brown and Yvert 67, 3t lilac and blue with 2r olive and 2r50 blue tied by Teheran date stamp '3rd Dec 44' (all on reverse) with 'By Pan American Air Mail Service' blue paper label on face, Arabic censor tape (red on white) reading 'Opened By Censorship Authority' tied by circular 'Anglo-Soviet-Persian-Censorship/ 9' in violet and Russian section circular device in violet with '8' in center, routed via Iraq with circular hand-stamp '7' on face and Baghdad transit '7 Dec' and 'Examined By/ 5870' censor tape applied in New York.

Very fine World War Two High Clipper Rate 54r50.

Persia. (Persian Gulf - Iraq). 1923. Registered envelope endorsed 'O.H.M.S.' addressed to 'The Intelligence Officer. Army Headquarters, Bagdad, Iraq' bearing 'Controle' overprint Yvert 444, 10c brown and rose and Yvert 446, 1k lilac and carmine (2) tied by Tauris date stamp with hand-struck boxed 'R/ Tauris' and Bagdad H.Q. arrival.

In 1923 Iraq was under the British Mandate and the military and intelligence in Baghdad were part of the British Army.

Persia. (France). 1902. Envelope addressed to France bearing Yvert 148, 2c yellow/brown (2) imperf, Yvert 149, 3c green (imperf) and Yvert 150, 5c scarlet tied by Meched date stamp '27th June', transit via Gaoudan '31/6' carried via the Caspian Sea to Baku with Russian Post Office Baku transit '18/7' and Paris receiver '11th Aout 1902' stamps and all postal markings on reverse.

Exceptional three colour franking to France

Persia. 1906. Registered picture post card, multi view card of Teheran addressed to Germany bearing 'Controle' overprint Yvert 223, 2c grey, Yvert 246, 6c carmine (imperf) and Yvert 248, 13c blue (imperf) tied by oval Teheran date stamp '10th Nov 06' with framed hand-struck 'Registered (23 in manuscript) and Berlin arrival '9th Dec 06' on face..

All registered Post-cards are scarce but this three colour mixed issue from Persia is very nice.

Persia. (Switzerland). 1898. Registered Persian postal stationery card '5ch rose' upgraded with Yvert 89, 2c bistre and Yvert 94, 10ch blue tied by Hamadan date stamp '29/5' with 'Perse' registered label, addressed to Switzerland with Teheran transit on face.

India. (used in Mombasa British East Africa). 1898. Envelope addressed in Gujarati to Zanzibar bearing India SG 104, 2a6p yellow-green tied by Mombasa date stamp in blue '30th Sept 98' (with dispatch on reverse) and Zanzibar arrival '2nd Oct 98'.

Following the purchase of Mombasa stock of the First issue stamps by Whitfield King & Co, Indian stamps were obtained almost certainly from Zanzibar and were put into the use at the Imperial British East Africa Post Office at Mombasa between 23rd May and 31st December 1890. (Only 6 covers are known during this period).

Indian stamps were occasionally used up to 1898,
This cover shows the India stamp cancelled by the blue MOMBASA date stamp perhaps unique as the blue cancellation was only used in late September and early October 1898.

Tanganyika. (German Occupation of British East Africa). 1922. 'East Africa & Uganda' postal stationery card 3c green overprinted 'G.E.A.' and upgraded with 'British Occupation of German East Africa' SG 45, 1c black (pair) tied by MWANZA double ring '16th Jy 1922' addressed to England.

Scarce stationery from the German Occupation used from Mwanza (Proud D1). Dates known (16.11.17) - (24.10.20).

Sierra Leone. 1894. Sierra Leone postal stationery card 'one penny' rose cancelled by oval 'POST OFFICE/ YORK/ SIERRA LEONE with adjacent York/ Sierra Leone dated 'Fr 12 94', addressed to London with Freetown transit '14th Feb' and circular 'Paid/ Liverpool/ Br. Packet/ 3rd Mar 94' in red on face (Robertson P 18a).

Very rare village postmark from York, Sierra Leone opened '3.4.93' with very little mail known pre 1900.

Mauritius. (France). 1816. Pre stamps folded letter addressed to France dated '2nd January 1816', cancelled by oval 'PORT LOUIS/ POST PAID' on face, endorsed 'Per "L ' Estafette" with 'Colonies/ Par Bordeaux' French entry cachet 9Salles Fig 69), manuscript '2' (decimes) for local delivery and anointed 'repondue 6th May'

The Paid mark was the first marking used after the British Occupation of 1810.

British West Africa. (Lagos). 1898. Registered postal stationery envelope 'two pence' blue upgraded with LAGOS, SG 21 1/2d green, SG 22, 1d carmine-rose (2) and SG 34, 5d mauve and green tied by bar obliterator with circular Lagos W, Africa/ B date stamp on reverse 'Mr 17' addressed to Germany, routed via Liverpool and London with oval 'Registered/ Liverpool' transit '12 Apr.' and Hamburg receiver on reverse '13th April'.

A very elusive registered postal stationery envelope from LAGOS (Size I).

Thailand. (H.S.B.C.). 1900. King Rama V: SG 16, 12a purple and carmine, SG 50, 10a on 24a purple and blue, SG 69, 2a scarlet and pale blue and SG 76, 10a ultramarine each stamp struck with hand-struck 'H.S.B.C.' in violet (Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank). Nice item with Security chop.

Thailand. (H.S.B.C.)/ 1890. King Rama V: SG 12, 2a green and carmine, SG 16, 12a purple and carmine, SG 50, 10a on 24a purple and blue and SG 51, 4a on 12a purple and carmine each struck with hand-struck 'H.S.B.C.' in violet (Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank). Nice item with Banking security chop.

Thailand. (H.S.B.C.). 1905. King Rama V: SG 69, 2a scarlet and pale blue (block of four on piece) cancelled by Bangkok/ 2 date stamp '16.5.1905' and each stamp struck with hand-struck 'H.S.B.C.' in violet (Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank). Nice item with Banking security chop.

Malaya. (Singapore - Thailand). 1920. Selection of Rama V and Rama V1 postmarks cancelled by PAQUEBOT SINGAPORE double ring.

(Block of 4, three pairs on piece and 4 singles).

Thailand. (Malaya - Penang). Circa 1935. Selection of Rama V1 and Rama V11 cancelled by PAQUEBOT PENANG transit double rings.

(5 singles plus strip of three).

Thailand. (Postmarks). Circa 1906. Siam Rama V: SG 97, 4a pale red and sepia cancelled by TERN date stamp.

Thailand. (Postmarks). Circa 1906. Siam Rama V: SG 135, 12s on 8a olive-bistre and dull black cancelled by NAKONSITAMERAT date stamp

Thailand. (Postmarks). Circa 1906. Rama V: SG 100, 8a olive-bistre and dull black cancelled by vernacular 'LANG-SUAN' date stamp.

Very nice postmark from LANG-SUAN, CHUMPHON PROVINCE scarce so fine with an upright cancellation.

Thailand. (Postmarks). Circa 1906. Siam Rama V: SG 98, 4a pale scarlet (strip of five) cancelled by PITSANULOKE date stamp

Thailand. (Postmarks). Siam King Rama V11: SG 268, 25s on 28s brown-red (pair) cancelled by PATTANI date stamp and pair with KONKAN date stamp plus single cancelled by boxed 'PAQUEBOT'.

Thailand. (Postmarks). Circa 1906. Siam Rama V: SG 97, 4a pale red and sepia cancelled by NAN date stamp.

Thailand. (Postmarks). Circa 1905. Siam Rama: SG 92, 1a green and yellow cancelled by MAISOT date stamp.

Thailand. (Postmarks). Circa 1906. Siam Rama V: SG 102, 12a blue cancelled by MAKAENG circular date stamp.

Ban Makaeng is an early name for Udon Thani Post Office.

Thailand. (Postmarks). Circa 1906. Siam Rama V: SG 135, 12s on 8a olive-bistre and dull black and SG 136, 14s on 9a blue cancelled by PUKET date stamp. (Two stamps).

Thailand. (Postmarks). Circa 1910. Siam Rama V: SG 125, 2s on 1a green and yellow cancelled by PATALOONG date stamp.

Sierra Leone. (Thailand - Incoming Mail). 1917. Picture post card of 'Ant Hill, Sierra Leone' written from Freetown dated '29/5', addressed to 'The East Asiatic Company, Bangkok, Siam' bearing Sierra Leone SG 112, 1/2d blue-green (strip of five) tied by Freetown date stamp 'June 6th' with Bangkok/ 2 arrival '15th Aug 1917' on face and manuscript '120' in blue crayon due rating.

Mail from the British Colony of Sierra Leone, West Coast of Africa to Bangkok is a very scarce destination. Transit time over 10 weeks !

Denmark. (Thailand - Incoming Mail). 1911. Denmark postal stationery card 10 ore red cancelled by Kobenhavn roller date stamp '10th Feb 1911' addressed to 'The East Asiatic Company, Muang Prae, Siam via Bangkok' with Bangkok/ 2 transit '12/3' and Bangkok/ 5 with bilingual Prae arrival '18th March 11' on face.

Very fine item routed via Bangkok then train north to Phitsanulok then by horses and donkey to Prae (Phrae).

By 1910 the railway north had been extended again and European mail took the same time whether sent via Moulmein (Burma) or Bangkok.

Denmark. (Thailand - Incoming Mail). 1911. Picture post card of 'Vordingborg, Denmark addressed to 'The East Asiatic Company, Muang Phrae, Siam' bearing Denmark Facit 69, 5 ore green (pair) tied by Kobenhavn roller date stamp '20th Nov 11' with Bangkok/ 2 transit '19/12' and forwarded with Bangkok/ 5 on face '20th Dec 11'.

Very fine item routed via Bangkok then north by train to Phitsanulok then by horse and donkey to Prae (Phrae).

By 1910 the railway north had been extended again and European mail took the same time whether sent via Moulmein (Burma) or Bangkok.

Australia. (Thailand). 1914. Picture post card of 'Arab village, Port Said' bearing Australia SG 2, 1d carmine tied by Morpeth date stamp 'Jan 25th 14', routed via Singapore with Bangkok/ 2 arrival '23rd Feb' on face.

Thailand. (Denmark - Incoming Mail). 1912. Picture post card addressed to Muang Phrae via Bangkok' bearing Facit 81, 10 ore carmine-rose tied by Humlebaek date stamp '27th Nov 12' with Bangkok transit '30.12.12. and bilingual Prae arrival '10th Jan 1013' on reverse.

Very fine item from this small town in North Zealand (Denmark) routed via Bangkok and train to Phitsanulok then by carrier to Prae.

By 1910 the railway had been extended again and European mail took the same time whether sent via Moulmein (Burma) or Bangkok.